And then I wrote… This one dates from the International Year of Astronomy. It was published in the Times (of London) Higher Education Supplement on June 25, 2009.
One of the odd side-effects of being an astronomer at the Vatican Observatory is that we often get elected to various positions in professional astronomical societies. It may be the special respect that our fellow scientists have for the Vatican; or, more likely, the fact that we don’t have to spend a large part of our days writing grant proposals (in competition with everyone else) to fund our research means that, unlike most astronomers, we have the free time to spend on these important but time-consuming offices.
I’ll take any excuse to run another gratuitous pretty astropicture, in this case, the Horsehead Nebula as imaged at the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope.Whatever the reason, it has meant that for the past few years I have been watching the buildup to the IYA – the International Year of Astronomy – from the vantage point as a past president of Commission 16 (Moons and Planets) of the International Astronomical Union, and as chair of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. Dedicating a year to promoting astronomy seemed like a sort of “motherhood” proposition; who could possibly be against it? (Plus, it made a nice break from all those arguments about Pluto.) My organizations both happily endorsed it.
But for that same reason, it also felt like a sort of pointless task. Everyone already likes astronomy; why do we need a special year to promote it? What’s more, astronomy is perhaps already too accessible to the general public. While you need a clever lecturer to fool you into thinking that you can understand, say, the Theory of Evolution, anyone can download for themselves all those glorious astronomical images. No need to leave your couch and go to your local science museum.
In Britain, at least, some of those concerns are probably well founded. Here the astronomers have been in competition with the Darwin Centennial; and compared to Darwin, the astronomers have neither the “hook” of celebrating a local hero nor the cachet of controversy to draw people to our events. One museum director recently bemoaned to me the fact that Darwin lectures at his institution have drawn loud crowds, while astronomy talks are a much harder sell.
Galileo, whose telescope is being celebrated by the IYA, is of course a much bigger hero in Italy. Perhaps ironically, it’s the Vatican that has most forcefully celebrated him as a local celebrity: a great thinker and good Catholic, who didn’t let the opposition of certain of his contemporaries tarnish either his science or his faith. His two daughters, after all, were both nuns; and he wrote and published some of his greatest scientific work after his infamous trial.)
A replica of Galileo’s telescope was put on display at the American Academy in April 2011The real impact of the IYA, however, first struck me at the opening ceremonies last January. At the Paris headquarters of UNESCO, representatives of astronomy from every nation in the UN – scientists and museum directors and students – were gathered to celebrate the Year with talks and seminars and social events. I was one of the Vatican’s official representatives, wandering the hallways for several days in my formal suit and clerical collar.
Now, contrary to the popular cliché, the usual working attire of a Jesuit brother and scientist is neither a clerical shirt nor a white lab coat. As an American of a certain generation, I chose science as a career in no small part because it allowed me to go to work in jeans and a tee-shirt. Wearing a suit, never mind a clerical collar, made me feel like a child dressed up for Halloween.
It’s not that I am ashamed of my religious life; quite the contrary. I am equally proud to be a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and equally uncomfortable wearing my “Brass Rat”, the bulky MIT class ring. But, yes, I’ll admit I did have a fear that people who didn’t know me might see simply the uniform and not the person wearing it.
My fellow astronomers are perfectly comfortable with me having a religious life. It turns out…
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…a lot of them are active churchgoers, too – something they told me only once I had come out of the religious closet myself by joining the Jesuits. But I am, frankly, bored by journalists and members of the public who want to know how I can “reconcile” my science and my religion. And, yes, I did get at least one comment from an attendee at the IYA Opening Ceremonies wondering what “someone like you” was doing there.
But when I looked around, I found I was not alone. Right near me was a man wearing a yarmulke; over there, a young woman in a hijab. We were from all nations, all cultures; all religions. We were all children of the same universe, all made from the same star dust. We all share the same sky. How dare anyone tell us that we can’t be astronomers, that we can’t all love the stars and study the skies, just because we happened to delight in our different religious beliefs?
But, of course, this was not the first time I had needed to learn this lesson.
Many years ago, long before I joined the Jesuits, I had been a postdoctoral fellow at MIT working on computer models to predict the internal evolution of the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. But I would go home at night, and lie awake in my bed at 3 am, wondering if this wasn’t just an enormous waste of time. Why should anyone care about the moons of Saturn when there were people starving in the world? How could I find making these computer models, which only a handful of people would ever study, a worthwhile center of my life?
I had no answer. And so I quit my life as an astronomer, cleaned out my office, and went to join the US Peace Corps. I would go anywhere they sent me, I told them; I’d do whatever they asked me to do. I was there to serve people, not some inhuman computer screen. They happily took me in, taught me some Swahili, and within three months I was in Kenya… at the University of Nairobi, teaching graduate students astronomy.
My time living in rural Africa as a Peace Corps volunteer taught me what life was like outside the cotton wrapping. It reignited my love of astronomy.There was a certain logic to that job. I learned in Kenya that there is a word to describe people who lived “close to nature”: starving. People were indeed hungry in Kenya at that time, suffering through one of its periodic droughts. And I realized that, for all the ills of a technological society — pollution, alienation, the greed that comes with affluence — nonetheless in the course of human history it’s only the technologically sophisticated societies that have been able to feed their populace on a regular basis.
A technologically sophisticated society needs an educated populace. That means schools. And schools need teachers. The students I was training in physics and astronomy all had jobs waiting for them at the Kenya Science Teacher’s College, to teach the teachers who would teach the students who (we hoped) would one day make the power grid in Kenya just a little more reliable. Astronomy was an easy way to teach the physics.
But that wasn’t why they wanted me to teach them astronomy.
I spent a good amount of my time in Kenya out of the city, up country, visiting the schools where my fellow Peace Corps volunteers were working… schools with no windows in the windows, no black on the blackboards. I would show my slides of spacecraft images (did you know there are slide projectors that can run off automobile batteries?) and at night I would set up my little telescope. Everyone in the village would line up to look at the craters on the Moon, the rings of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter.
The enthusiasm, the awe, the sheer joy in their faces was very familiar. It was the same look I would see when I set up the telescope to look at those very same objects back home in America. Of course, the skies in Kenya were much darker, free of factory and light pollution. The improved conditions left me in awe, as well.
Then it finally occurred to me… no well-fed cow bothers to look through a telescope. No cat or dog, no matter how clever, is interested in seeing the images that spacecraft have sent us. People are interested in astronomy precisely because they are people. It is a human response to a human urge. Feeding that urge feeds our humanity. The people in Iten, Kenya, were as hungry for this as the people of Lexington, Michigan. It is a hunger for more than food. It is literally true: a human being does not live by bread alone.
And to deny someone the chance to share in what the human race has found out about this universe, just because they happened to be born on the wrong continent or to the wrong socio-economic group, is a crime against their humanity.
That, ultimately, is what the International Year of Astronomy is all about. That is why we are reaching out around the world, with low-cost telescopes and podcasts and books and lectures.
But that raises a bigger question. What I’ve said so far about stargazing could equally be said about any peculiarly human activity – music or literature or dance. Why, in particular, astronomy?
The ring nebula, as imaged at the VATTThe roots of my passion for astronomy draw from many sources. Certainly growing up during the age of Sputnik and Apollo played its role. So did summers spent under dark skies around the Great Lakes, and the love of a father who first taught me the constellations.
But my passion for the study of the stars also draws on my religious tradition, on my belief in a Creator who made this world. He made it deliberately: “God said, let there be… and there was…” He made it rationally: “In the beginning was the Logos.” He made it out of love: “God so loved the world that He sent his Only Son.” This means that to love the stars is an act of worship of their Maker. To puzzle out how they all work is a way of becoming intimate with the mind of that Maker. I have found no better answer for those 3 am ponderings of the meaning of my life.
Others astronomers have different motivations of course, as different as the religions we follow… and as similar. Sometimes it is hard to remember, when we get tied up in proposal writing and trying to establish priority for our papers or our discoveries, but it is hard enough to make a living at astronomy that anyone who does so, must do it out of a deeper passion. Whether it is a curiosity about the truth or a delight in its beauty, our motives for studying the universe are ultimately rooted in our deepest desires, in pursuing that which we value most highly. And is that not a definition of religion?
Yes, we professionals can forget all that in the day-to-day struggles of grantsmanship and office politics. But when we engage the world of amateur astronomers at IYA events this year, we are reminded by them of why chose to do this stuff in the first place. And maybe that reminder is why we professionals need the IYA, too.
It’s not about prestige. Who can feel important in the face of the Milky Way? It’s not about conflict and controversy. Those artificial disputes are boring, compared to capturing the sight of the Ring Nebula in your own little telescope. It’s not about the money spent on spacecraft, but on the excitement that we feel when we see their images of worlds different from our own… and about the new way we suddenly look at our own world, once we have another place to compare it to. It’s not about a national hero, but a human hunger.
We all live and play in this same universe. It’s the arena of our lives, common to every one of us; it is our mutual neighbor. And, as e. e. cummings pointed out many years ago, it’s a hell of a good universe next door; let’s go.
