Side-by-side comparisons of a traditional Cassini Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) view, and one made using a new technique for handling electronic noise that results in clearer views of Titan’s surface. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASIRadar images of Titan have always had a grainy appearance due to electronic noise. A new tool suppresses the noise, resulting in clearer views than ever before.
During 10 years of discovery, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has pulled back the smoggy veil that obscures the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Cassini’s radar instrument has mapped almost half of the giant moon’s surface; revealed vast, desert-like expanses of sand dunes; and plumbed the depths of expansive hydrocarbon seas. What could make that scientific bounty even more amazing? Well, what if the radar images could look even better?
Thanks to a recently developed technique for handling noise in Cassini’s radar images, these views now have a whole new look. The technique, referred to by its developers as “despeckling,” produces images of Titan’s surface that are much clearer and easier to look at than the views to which scientists and the public have grown accustomed.
Typically, Cassini’s radar images have a characteristic grainy appearance. This “speckle noise” can make it difficult for scientists to interpret small-scale features or identify changes in images of the same area taken at different times. Despeckling uses an algorithm to modify the noise, resulting in clearer views that can be easier for researchers to interpret.
Cassini Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image showing a perspective view of the landscape near the eastern shoreline of Kraken Mare, a hydrocarbon sea in Titan’s north polar region. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASIAntoine Lucas got the idea to apply this new technique while working with members of Cassini’s radar team when he was a postdoctoral researcher at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
“Noise in the images gave me headaches,” said Lucas, who now works at the astrophysics division of France’s nuclear center (CEA). Knowing that mathematical models for handling the noise might be helpful, Lucas searched through research published by that community, which is somewhat disconnected from people working directly with scientific data. He found that a team near Paris was working on a “de-noising” algorithm, and he began working with them to adapt their model to the Cassini radar data. The collaboration resulted in some new and innovative analysis techniques.
“My headaches were gone, and more importantly, we were able to go further in our understanding of Titan’s surface using the new technique,” Lucas said.
As helpful as the tool has been, for now, it is being used selectively.
“This is an amazing technique, and Antoine has done a great job of showing that we can trust it not to put features into the images that aren’t really there,” said Randy Kirk, a Cassini radar team member from the U.S. Geologic Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona. Kirk said the radar team is going to have to prioritize which images are the most important to applying the technique. “It takes a lot of computation, and at the moment quite a bit of ‘fine-tuning’ to get the best results with each new image, so for now we’ll likely be despeckling only the most important — or most puzzling — images,” Kirk said.
Montage of Cassini Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the surface of Titan showing four examples of how a newly developed technique for handling noise results in clearer, easier to interpret views. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASIDespeckling Cassini’s radar images has a variety of scientific benefits. Lucas and colleagues have shown that they can produce 3-D maps, called digital elevation maps, of Titan’s surface with greatly improved quality. With clearer views of river channels, lake shorelines and windswept dunes, researchers are also able to perform more precise analyses of processes shaping Titan’s surface. And Lucas suspects that the speckle noise itself, when analyzed separately, may hold information about properties of the surface and subsurface.
“This new technique provides a fresh look at the data, which helps us better understand the original images,” said Stephen Wall, deputy team lead of Cassini’s radar team, which is based at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. “With this innovative new tool, we will look for details that help us to distinguish among the different processes that shape Titan’s surface,” he said.
Details about the new technique were published recently in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. The radar instrument was built by JPL and the Italian Space Agency, working with team members from the US and several European countries.
More information about Cassini: http://www.nasa.gov/cassini and http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov
Media Contact
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JPL Press Release: 2015-059
A few months ago, I was working on a lecture about the Moon, and I saw an old grainy image of the Earth and Moon taken by the Lunar Orbiter 1 that had been reprocessed using modern image processing techniques. The result is spectacular. Click the image below to see a larger version.
Comparison of original Lunar Orbiter 1 image, and a higher-resolution version using modern image processing techniques. Credit: NASAAdaptive optics uses deformable mirrors controlled by computers that can correct image distortion in real-time caused by the turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere, making images obtained using Earth-bound telescopes almost as sharp as those taken in space.
Images: (Left) The Galactic Center without adaptive optics. Image courtesy of Keck Observatory. (Right) The Galactic Center and central black hole (labeled Sgr A*) with adaptive optics. Image courtesy of Keck Observatory and the UCLA Galactic Center Group.Using modern processing techniques on recent and archival NASA images greatly increases the potential for scientific discovery, and produces some beautiful and awe-inspiring vistas.
Related:
NASA: Retinex Image Processing: http://dragon.larc.nasa.gov/retinex/pao/news/
A short introduction to astronomical image processing: http://www.spacetelescope.org/projects/fits_liberator/improc/
Hubble Hidden Treasures: http://www.spacetelescope.org/projects/hiddentreasures/archive/
Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience, Chapter Nine – Making New Reality: Computers in Simulations and Image Processing: http://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch9-3.html
